Recently managers have switched to contemporary tools such as strategic planning, mission and vision statements,

Recently managers have switched to contemporary tools such as strategic planning, mission and vision statements,

and customer relationship management. Their switch is attributed to:

a.managers’ recent abandonment of efforts to cut costs and improve efficiency.

b.the need for permanent changes that are effective in multiple situations.

c.managers’ focus on employee engagement and customer loyalty.

d.the need for tools that can guide managers’ thinking during times of rapid change.

e.the need to aggressively counteract competitor’s efforts.